A History of Fascism, 1914–1945

In this insightful exploration, historian Payne examines the nature of fascism primarily in Italy and Germany, while also addressing its influences in Spain, Romania, Japan, and beyond. He characterizes fascism as revolutionary ultranationalism focused on national rebirth, extreme elitism, and mass mobilization, emphasizing its promotion of violence and military virtues. Additionally, Payne notes the borrowing of techniques by early Russian communists from fascist ideology, warning that while society may be more resistant to fascism, its underlying values could still resurface in new, unexpected forms.